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Root causes, manual vs automated, and regional terms

Three references you can check without doing the reconciliation yourself: what each symptom usually means, how manual and automated approaches compare, and what the same control is called in the UK, US, and Australia.

Root-cause matrix

Every exception bucket in the taxonomy — symptom, how to confirm it, how to fix it.

CodeSymptomHow to confirmHow to fix
MATCH_EXACTRef, amount, and date all agree on both sides.Line up ref + amount (+ date) — all three tie out with no gap.Nothing to fix. Tick as matched and move on.
MATCH_PARTIALTwo of three fields agree (ref/amount/date); one is open.Open the bill and statement line side by side to see which single field disagrees.Confirm the open field against a PO, receiving record, or the vendor, then tick as matched or reclassify as amount/reference mismatch.
MISS_ERPThe vendor's statement lists an invoice you can't find in your AP extract at all.Search your AP by amount and approximate date, not just the exact reference, in case it was entered under a different ref or vendor code.Request a PDF copy of the invoice from the vendor, then enter the bill in AP against the correct vendor and entity.
MISS_STMTYour AP extract shows an open invoice the vendor's statement doesn't list.Confirm the statement period and entity match, then check for disputes, holds, or debit notes on the AP bill.Email the vendor with the invoice reference and ask whether it was omitted in error, disputed, or simply falls outside their statement cutoff.
TIMING_PAYA payment you've recorded as sent (or received) hasn't been applied on the other side yet.Check the payment date against the statement's cutoff date — a payment made close to the cutoff often hasn't posted on the vendor's side yet.Hold the line and recheck on the next statement cycle. Do not treat it as a missing invoice or re-pay it.
TIMING_INVAn invoice appears on one side of the cutoff date but not the other.Compare the invoice date to both systems' period-close dates — a lag of a few days across a month-end is the usual explanation.Hold the line for the next cycle, or accrue it per your close policy if the amount is material.
CREDIT_UNAPPA credit memo is on the statement but not reflected (or not fully applied) in your AP balance.Search your AP for the credit memo reference; if absent, ask the vendor for a copy.Obtain the credit memo and apply it against the correct invoice(s) in AP.
DUP_CANDThe same invoice reference and amount appear twice, on either side.Compare invoice numbers, dates, and amounts closely — a genuine duplicate has identical (or near-identical) values, not just a similar reference.Investigate before paying a second time; void or reverse the duplicate entry once confirmed.
AMT_MISMATCHSame invoice reference on both sides, but the amounts differ.Check for tax, freight, FX rate, or short-pay adjustments that would explain the delta.Resolve the pricing/tax/FX difference with the vendor and correct whichever side is wrong.
REF_MISMATCHSame amount and date on both sides, but the reference numbers differ.Fuzzy-match on amount + date + rough reference similarity before concluding it's the same invoice.Confirm with the vendor which reference is correct, then correct your AP record and tick the pair as matched.
OB_SCOPEThe statement's opening balance includes older history your AP extract doesn't cover.Check whether a prior-period reconciliation exists that already cleared that opening balance.Carry forward the prior reconciliation's closing figure, or request a fuller extract. Never invent historical invoice lines to force a tie-out.
OB_NEWVENDORThis is the first statement from a new vendor and it shows a nonzero opening balance.Confirm with AP or the vendor that this is genuinely the first statement for this relationship.Treat any nonzero opening balance on a first statement as a report-flavour or scope issue — request a corrected statement rather than accepting it as a real carry-forward balance.
REPORT_FLAVOURMultiple invoices look 'missing' but they were actually already paid.Check whether the statement is an aged-open-items report (excludes anything paid) rather than a full-activity report.Re-pull the correct report type (full activity / transaction list) from the vendor before chasing any 'missing' invoices.
DISPUTEYou already know there's a disagreement with the vendor over this line.Check the dispute or hold flag already recorded against the AP bill or vendor file.Document the dispute on the exception log and leave it open — do not clear it as a match just to close the reconciliation.
VENDOR_DATAThe statement is for the wrong legal entity, wrong currency, or has an implausible statement date.Check the vendor/entity name, currency symbol, and statement date against what you expected to receive.Stop reconciling this statement and request the correct one from the vendor before doing any further matching.
Full playbook per exception →

Manual vs automated vs StatementZen

DimensionManual (Excel)Generic automated toolStatementZen
Matching exact + partial linesLine-by-line eyeballing in Excel; slow and error-prone at volume.Rule-based exact matching; partial matches often still dumped to a manual review queue.Exact and partial matching with confidence-scored candidates, so partials are pre-ranked, not a blind pile.
Classifying leftoversAnalyst judgment call each time, inconsistent between people and between periods.Usually stops at 'unmatched' with no further breakdown of why.Structured exception taxonomy (missing/timing/credit/duplicate/mismatch/report-flavour/opening-balance) applied consistently.
Report-flavour traps (aged-open vs full activity)Frequently missed — a paid invoice on an aged-open report reads as 'missing'.Rarely modelled; most tools assume one canonical report shape.Report type is explicitly detected and factored in before anything is flagged as missing.
Exception documentationSticky notes, email threads, or a highlighted spreadsheet cell — hard to defend at audit.A matched/unmatched flag with little narrative context.A defensible exception log: bucket, evidence, and stated next action per line.
Time per vendor per period30-90+ minutes for a moderately active vendor.Faster matching, but manual triage of the unmatched pile often eats the time savings back.Minutes, with the remaining human time spent on genuine judgment calls, not re-deriving what's already known.

UK / US / AU terminology

Same control, different regional name — useful when reading ERP docs or job postings written for a different region.

ConceptUKUSAU
Vendor/supplier statement matching against your ledgerSupplier statement reconciliationVendor statement reconciliationSupplier statement reconciliation
Report of amounts currently owed, aged by how overdueAged CreditorsAged PayablesAged Creditors
The detailed vendor-by-vendor subledger behind the AP control accountPLCA (Purchase Ledger Control Account)AP subledger / AP subsidiary ledgerPLCA (Purchase Ledger Control Account)
Matching a PO, goods receipt, and invoice at entryThree-way match / GRNIThree-way match / GR/IRThree-way match / GRNI
Full glossary →

StatementZen Academy TeamBuilt from StatementZen's own vendor statement reconciliation engineering and casework — pending Michael's named byline commitment (spec.md section 7). · Last updated